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How to: The Comprehensive Brown Wire Mod Thread

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gijoecam

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98 ExSport, '00 F-150
Per Rick's request, this will be come the comprehensive brown wire mod thread. It will (hopefully) save a lot of reading through the twenty-some page original thread. (Rick, please note I will upload my images directly to my EF gallery as soon as I can find a program that will allow me to re-size the originals easily. Until then, they will be stuck with the FTW watermark.... my apologies)

There are a few pictures I still need to complete this thread:
-Three simple, small sketches:
1) Wiring diagram to a regular on/off switch
2) Wiring diagram to a lighted on/on switch
3) Wiring diagram to a '95-'96 with a regular switch
-Pictures of alternate mounting locations for the switch
Please e-mail them to me at gijoecam@yahoo.com so I can upload them and post them.

Disclaimer: I'm not an engineer for Ford or Explorer Central and I don't play one on TV. The opinions expressed here are my own, and you're free to disagree with them. Make this modification at your own risk. This mod requires some basic wiring ability as well as some general electrical and mechanical knowledge. We'll all try to help you out in any way we can, just like we always have here at Explorer Central. :)

First, please note that because of the design of our transfer case, our systems are NOT designed to allow unlimited wheel spin. Allowing excessive wheel spin (e.g. roasting tires for a city block or running Control-Trac/BWM-equipped vehicles on a 2 wheel drive dynomometer) forces the transfer case clutch to slip. Excessive slipping causes a tremendous amount of shearing of the transmission fluid used in our transfer cases. This can result in burning of the clutches as well as the transfer case lubricating oil and is NOT recommended. Our systems are not designed to allow tire-roasting slippage of the transfer case clutch, and doing-so can result in major mechanical damage of the system which can require replacement of costly internal components of the transfer case. Again, make this modification at your own risk

Second, many thanks to everyone that has had input from the original thread. I'll do my best to include all the pertinent aspects of the mod for the second generation Explorers. If I have omitted anything important, please let me know and I will add it to the thread.

Third, let me make this perfectly clear: If you have a second-generation V-8 with All Wheel Drive, this mod does not work for you.

Now, for a little background.

There were three slightly different systems included in the second-generation Explorers. The All Wheel Drive is a full-time system and cannot be modified to be full-time four-wheel drive or two-wheel drive. The second and third systems used in the '95-'96 and '97-'01 model years were both called 'Control Trac 4 Wheel Drive' Both systems used the (insert model here) transfer case. The '95-'96 used a front axle equipped with a Center-Axle Disconnect, which was done away with on the '97 model year in favor of a live axle (and fewer parts to fail when needed most)

Depending on the operator selection, the transfer cases in both systems were actuated by one of two GEM-controlled sources: The Torque On Demand Relay and the Transfer Case Shift Relay. The transfer case contains a Transfer Case Clutch Coil, which is what locks the front and rear driveshafts together. Power for the TCCC is fed via a brown wire, hence the familiar name. The Transfer Case Clutch draws approximately 5A of current. Make sure that all the components used in the wiring and switch are rated for at least 10A to be safe.


Some more specific background on the two systems.


'97-'01 (switch says, 4auto, 4high, 4low)

The '97-'01 model years lack a true 2 wheel drive option. With a live front axle, there are no significant mileage gains to be had by driving the rear wheels alone. That being said, some of us simply prefer to determine when the front wheels should drive and when they shouldn't, instead of relying on a computer to make that decision for us.

In 4 auto, the GEM monitors the wheel speeds. When it determines that there is wheel slippage, it sends the signal to the Torque On Demand relay to actuate the Transfer Case Clutch Coil via the brown wire. By interrupting the power flow to the Transfer Case Clutch Coil, you prevent the front driveshaft from locking to the rear, hence a true two wheel drive.

Now, please note that the TOD relay is either on or off, and the Transfer Case Clutch is either engaged or disengaged. The relay and GEM do not vary the amount of power applied to the transfer case, they simply vary the DUTY CYCLE of the TCC. The transfer case is either engaged or disengaged at any given moment.

When you select 4 high from the switch on the dash, the GEM sends the signal to the Transfer Case Shift Relay to engage 4 high. This sends power directly to the Transfer Case Clutch Coil, essentially a 100% duty cycle.

If you select 4 low, the transfer case remains locked, but engages a set of planetary gears to obtain the low range gear reduction. The front and rear driveshafts are still linked solely by the Transfer Case Clutch. By interrupting the power flow to the TCCC when in 4 low, the transfer case disengages the front driveshaft, even though the planetary reduction gears are engaged. This results in a true 2wd low range.


'95-'96 (Switch says, 2WD, 4auto, 4 low)

The system used in the early second generation Explorers was very similar to the later second gens. The '95 and '96 model years used the same transfer case as the '97-01 in conjunction with a Center-Axle Disconnect on the front axle. In 2wd mode, the transfer case is unlocked, and the CAD essentially breaks the passenger side axle shaft between the front differential and the passenger side halfshaft. That allows the front differential to stop turning, leaving the driver's side wheel to drive only the spider gears inside the diff.

When you engage 4auto on a '95-'96, the GEM switches the signal to a vacuum solenoid (insert picture here) which locks the CAD, thereby connecting the front half of the drivetrain and forcing the front driveshaft to turn with the wheels. Then, when the GEM determines that the rear wheels are turning faster than the fronts, it momentarily locks the transfer case, linking the front and rear driveshafts together for a period of time. The GEM then unlocks the transfer case, checks for slipping again, and, if necessary, locks the transfer case again. This produces some clunking and unconventional engagement and disengagement that many people don't like.

To combat this, we simply bypass all the GEM-controlled electronics and, using a simple switch, apply power directly to the transfer case clutch coil, again via the brown wire.

4 low functions the same way as in the '97-'01 models. The transfer case engages a planetary gear set, providing the low range gear reduction. Interrupting the power flow to the TCCC will, again, disengage the front driveshaft, providing you with 2 wheel drive low.


Now, on to the good stuff: The How-To!

Here's a list of the tools I needed to install mine. (I'm sure I'm forgetting a thing or two, so please remind me if I forgot anything)
-Stereo Removal Tools (available from any AutoZone or WalMart nationwide)
-7mm socket, ratchet, and extension.
-Switch of your choice (must be rated for 10A or more)
-Some assorted lengths and colors of wire, (12-14 gauge should be fine)
-An assortment of bullet and/or spade connectors.
-Electrical Tape


The first thing to do is figure out where to install your switch. Many members here have installed theirs under the seat, in the center console, in the overhead console, or in the dash. Personally, I like my switches in the dash, so that's what I'll focus on here. (please note: You may install the switch in any location in the vehicle, so long as you can get two wires to it)

Next, you need to access the brown wire in question. There are a few different locations that are convenient to do so. Many members have located it under the driver's seat as seen in this picture:


Accessing it only requires pulling the driver's seat out which is not a difficult job.

The place most people prefer is in the center of the dashboard. To access it, you will need to remove the stereo using the special tools. Slip the tools into the holes on the stereo until they click. Pry the tools apart from each other gently, and it should release the retainer clips. Slide the stereo out of the opening and unplug the two (or three) plugs on the back, as well as the antenna wire.

Use the 7mm socket to unscrew the two screws above the HVAC controls. Pull out on the stereo surround and the clips will pop out. Unplug the connectors for the rear wiper switch, fog lights, defroster, cigarette lighter terminals, and 4wd switch.

Once you've got the dash opened up, you'll need to remove the vent duct. Use the 7mm socket and ratchet to remove the two screws at the rear bottom of the duct. Be careful not to drop them as they're hard to retrieve. (I probably just jinxed all of you!!) Slide the duct out of the opening.

Now, inside the opening you will see a bunch of wiring harnesses and connectors, but don't be scared. Here are some things that should look familiar:

To the right of the opening tucked in behind the dash, you'll see the TOD relay sticking up.
2583337571_0e4c94228c.jpg


To the left side of the opening, you'll see the GEM attached to the support bracket.
2584159648_a1cc93dce4.jpg


The GEM is held in place with a single screw at the bottom. Yup, you guessed it, 7mm socket and ratchet. On the GEM, there are three connectors: Two on the front, one on the back. I found it's easier to remove the two on the front, take the screw out, slide the GEM down to disengage the two tabs on the top, then rotate the GEM to unplug the rear connector. Remove the GEM and set it aside for now.

At the top left back corner of the opening, you should see a relatively large wiring harness.
2583330771_6a351f1ee0.jpg


You will need to VERY CAREFULLY remove some of the electrical tape on the harness to be able to access the brown wire. In this corner, you should find the spot where the brown wire from the TOD relay meets the brown wire coming up from the TCS relay. You should be able to pull some wire up from the bottom to gain a little slack and make it easier to work on.
2584154058_4948a69428.jpg


In this picture I've remove the wrap from the splice just so you can see how it is connected.
2584160372_15ccea6523.jpg


Now, this is the point of no return. Clip the brown wire that goes UP AND TO THE LEFT from the splice as shown here:
2584167166_7e84688cd3.jpg


At this point, you need to connect a pair of wires that will run to the switch. I used a pair of butt-connectors because it was all I had laying around, but I would recommend using a male and female bullet connector. Should you ever wish to return it to stock in the future, it's simply a matter of disconnecting the wires and reconnecting the brown wire to itself.

2584168028_20a6ccbf4b.jpg




Once you have selected a location for the switch and drilled/ground/cut a mounting hole for it, this is where the two systems differ again.

97-01 to disable the control trac.


You can use a simple on/off switch or a lighted on/off switch. Take the wire connected to the side with the splice and run it to the center terminal on the switch. Connect the other wire to the other terminal, and you should be in business. If you have used a lighted switch, you will also need to run a third wire from the third terminal on the switch to a ground in order for the light to work.

NOTE: Make sure you know which connections on the switch are the feed and ground terminals to avoid inadvertently shorting the TCCC signal to ground.

Before you button the dash back up, you'll want to try it out. Connect the 4wd switch and pop the stereo surround back in place. Take it for a drive. With the switch in the on position, and if you used a lighted switch, the light should glow dimly with the key on. Please note: This is normal. 4AUTO should work the way it used to. (i.e. when you accelerate hard on a loose surface, the 4wd will cycle on and off, and the light will get bright and dim as the system cycles)

Turn the BWM switch off, and you should be able to spin the rear tires. If so, everything is working properly. Button everything back up and you're good to go! You have just completed the Brown Wire Mod for the '97-'01 Explorers. :)


'95-'96 to Engage the 4wd full-time


Access the brown wire and make the connections to the brown wire as described in the procedure for the '97-'01 Explorers. However, connecting to the switch will be a little different.

You will need to connect a splice to a power source in order to manually power the Transfer Case Clutch Coil. I used a Scotch-Lok to splice a wire onto the existing Cigarette Lighter circuit, but any power source will work, so long as it can support an additional 5A without blowing its fuse. Make sure to install a 10A fuse in-line as an additional safety. The transfer case clutch coil draws right around 5A on my truck, so a 10A fuse should be more than sufficient.

If you simply want to add 4high, use an SPDT On-On switch. If you want the ability to use 2 low as well, use an SPDT ON-off-ON switch.

Please note: If you want to use a lighted switch on a 95-96 and want to use 2low, you'll need a very specific type of switch (which I can recommend) or a DPDT switch and separate LED (which you can find at radio shack), and the wiring gets a little more complicated. It's not difficult, but it's a whole other discussion for another time. To keep the choices simple, I'll focus on the first two choices I mentioned here.

For the ON-ON switch to add 4 high:

Connect both wires from the splice to the center terminal on the switch. Then connect the wire from the auxiliary power source to the other terminal on the switch. This will allow the system to function normally as it did before, as well as allow you to send power to the TCCC manually when you turn the switch on.

Before putting the dash back together, connect the 4wd switch and take it out for a ride. With the OEM switch set to 4auto, you should feel the system cycle normally. Then, flip your BWM switch on and the system should be locked in 4wd high.

Please note: In order to use 4high, the OEM switch must be set to 4auto first to lock the CAD on the front axle.


For the ON-off-ON switch to add two low:


Connect the wires as shown here: (this shows a DPDT switch, could someone shoot me a drawing of a SPDT switch? I don't have the patience for Microsoft Paint!!!)

16202switch.jpg


Now, before buttoning it back up, try it out. With the OEM switch set to 4auto to lock the CAD on the front axle, you should have one switch on position where the system acts as it did originally (i.e. 4auto). The other on position should lock the transfer case in 4 high. The off position should disconnect the front axle regardless of the OEM switch position.

Well, gang, I think that about covers it for now. I'm sure I left something out, so feel free to refresh my memory if'n I missed something.

Here's my finished product:
2583340903_270aedcca1.jpg


Good Luck!

-Joe

edited 1/31/06. Added disclaimer and first not warning of possible mechanical damage
edited 6/17/08. Replaced image links with links to my personal Flickr account.
 
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Finally and all-in-one thread of the Brown Wire Mod

Excellent post!!!!!!!!!
 






Now that I think about it, this really belongs in the Transmission/T-case forum.... my bad. I still forget it's there!

-Joe
 












[Moderator note: I moved this to the Transmission and Transfer Case forum.] Nice job Gijoecam.
 












what kind of switch did you get for it. where can i get it from?
 






from reading it....you have to turn the switch on (back to traction control) in order to use the 4 wheel high or low. or can you just leeve the brown wire off and still use 4x4
 






I should probably do a small addendum to the write-up on switch selection, but that could make for an entire different article all its own, I think.

I personally used a DPDT on-off-on lighted switch. The one I used was the Contura V series from Carling Technologies. However, mine were a customized-part I special-ordered a few years back for another project I was working on. They're available here: http://www.trickcableandswitch.com/mall/switchcontura.asp for a little more than I paid for mine, but I had to order mine in a lot of 12, so I think I may have gotten a small lot discount.

Now, that being said, most '99s will want to a lighted or un-lighted ON-OFF, ON-ON, or ON-OFF-ON switch. Any one of the three will work, it just depends on how you wire them up. All three will accomplish the same thing. For you, I'd suggest a SPST lighted ON-ON or a lighted ON-OFF switch. It must be rated to carry at least 10A. Just about any auto parts store will have one that works (or see the web site I listed above). That'll require the least wiring. The ON-ON will give you a light when on or off, where the ON-OFF will give you a light only when the switch is on (i.e. the system is in auto)

On your '99, you have essentially six selections. With the BWM switch turned ON, your system will function just as it always has. (AUTO, 4HIGH, and 4LOW) With the BWM switch in the OFF (or other ON position depending on the switch type) you will have 2HI, 2HI-with-the-4x4-light-on-the-dash, and 2LOW.

Essentially, any time the switch is in the "off" position, the transfer case can not engage. However, the Control-Trac system does not know that and will still work the transfer case as though everything was normal. It's like having a twin-stick transfer case that allows you to disconnect the front driveshaft at any given moment.... we just do it electrically.

Make sense? (Or did I just manage to confuse you more? :p )

-Joe
 






cisurfer said:
from reading it....you have to turn the switch on (back to traction control) in order to use the 4 wheel high or low. or can you just leeve the brown wire off and still use 4x4

Just thinking about this one.... if you insert the BWM switch between the TOD relay and the splice, then yes, 4high and 4low will act as normal even with the switch off. If you insert the switch between the splice and the TCCC, the system will not and cannot lock the two driveshafts together if the BWM switch is off. Transfer case range selection is otherwise unaffected.

-Joe
 












if you insert the BWM switch between the TOD relay and the splice, then yes, 4high and 4low will act as normal even with the switch off

ok where is the TOD relay located where you make the splice?

That way i get 2hi/4hi/4low all at the same time the switch is off? It will then belike traction control never was in my truck right and i can forget about the switch if i never want the traction again?
 






See the original post:

To the right of the opening tucked in behind the dash, you'll see the TOD relay sticking up.
546937.jpg
 






do mean insert it between the splice on the left side and the TOD relay on the right side? Thats a wide area. And to clear things up after reading numerous threads. If I use a on-off switch and do it where you said the TOD relay and splice, if the switch is off, will 4auto be 2wd, 4high still be 4x4 hi and 4low stilll be 4x4low? And with switch on the factory swtich is the same before i touch anything? (4auto is 4 auto, 4high is 4x4high 4low is 4x4low)?

I read someplace that when the switch if off (traction control off) that auto is 2wd, 4x4 hi is 2wd hi and 4low is 2wd low
 
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Gentleman,

Does anyone know if this mod works on a 2002 Explorer? If so, is it the same procedure?

RCooper
 






i thought i read somewhere that once you turn the switch to "off" you cant engage the front axel again with the "on" position untill you re-started the vehical (turn "on" bwm switch, turn of truck and re-start it). is that true?
 






Doubt Incarnate said:
i thought i read somewhere that once you turn the switch to "off" you cant engage the front axel again with the "on" position untill you re-started the vehical (turn "on" bwm switch, turn of truck and re-start it). is that true?

Sort of.... It's been a while, so I'll be a little thin on the details....

If you simply clip the brown wire just like the 2nd gens, you are able to deactivate the 4wd. However, as you mentioned, it will cause the lights to begin flashing, and cannot be re-enabled until you turn the switch back on and restart the vehicle.

IIRC, instead of grounding the transfer case clutch coil to a chassis ground, the ground returns to the GEM (??? or equivalent on the 3rd gen). I remember discussing it with someone before, and with a resistor and a DPDT ON-ON switch, it may be possible to fool the system into thinking it's working properly even though it's not actually engaging the transfer case mechanically. Whoever it was that tried it never got around to trying the re-wiring part to make it fool the system.

I'm still looking for a guinea pig. :)

-Joe
 






so this other method, your taking the brown wire and instead of it going to the clutch you just bypass it and it doesnt know the difference?
 






Correct. We suspected that, because of the way it's wired, we just bypass the transfer case clutch with a resistor to simulate the load to fool the computer into thinking it's working. We're not sure if it'll work or not though.

-Joe
 



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2005 V8 Auto 4x4

Do you know if this will work on a 2005 V8 Auto 4x4?
 






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