Well, in trying to research this I may retract my previous statement. Given that you have a V8 (so I figure comparing diesel's power to ST V6 power would be unsatisfactory for you), the only Mercedes diesel that I see as a real option would be from an 05-07 E320 CDI. The engine from the E320 is an inline V6 (3.2L, hence 320) with 201hp and torque of 369 ft-lbs (V8 ST - 292hp, 300ft-lbs).
V10 4.9L Diesel Touaregs (04-05) are rare and most likely expensive, but that would be really nice (310hp, 553 ft-lbs). Despite that, the engine might be a bit too big to fit under the ST hood (from what I can muster it would be extremely tight if not impossible).
Also, I can't find any Volvo diesels in the US market that aren't basically brand new.
Other than that, I really can't find any other diesel engines that would be fairly easy to acquire in the US that aren't too big or have descent power gains (most diesels from US cars are comparable to the 4.0L V6's performance, a bit better, but in most cases torque, and in almost all cases, HP are less than the ST V8's.