Did you burp all the air out? Did you get a water pump that spins in the correct direction?
It is safe to run without a t-stat as long as you have a gasket in place, it just will take forever to reach operating temperature.
Whenever I install a T-stat, I push it open and stick an aspirin in the thermostat to hold it open. That way, when the coolant first starts circulating, it will bypass the T-stat until it (very quickly) dissolves the aspirin so there is no air trapped by it. The aspirin won't harm your engine either.
Also, the T-stat should start opening before the water reaches boiling. I seem to recall that you shouldn't put a t-stat in boiling water, since it is too hot and can ruin the thermostat. I test them that way too, but with a meat thermometer stuck in them them. If they don't start opening at the temp the box says, I throw them out.