One thing before you tear it apart. Pinch the upper hose where it comes out of the engine when cold. This is how it feels when the thermostat is closed and you can't feel the pressure from the pump.
Next start the engine, let it warm up where the thermostat should be open. While the engine is running (careful), pinch the hose again it should be noticeably harder.
If there is no difference, then there is no coolant going through the engine, broken thermostat, broken pump, large chunk of a gasket engine blocking the flow, whatever. Operation without the thermostat eliminates that as the problem.
If you have flow, then the heat is not being removed, this could be engine generating more heat than designed (unlikely, you'd notice a gasket blown that bad) or a bad removal system - bad radiator, bad fan, etc. I know everything has been replaced, but it's not possessed :fire:
The last possibility is that the gauge/sender is really goofy and it's not really hot at all.